International Finance Transactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Finance Transactions - Essay Example In most cases, most international financial borrowing involves syndicated loan agreements due to the large sums of money involved. In addition, most borrowing is often for financing most international projects. These agreements varies from region to region for instance, syndicated loan agreements carried out in Europe are not similar to those carried out in America. Another aspect of syndicated loan agreements is that they have developed from the traditional way to a more sophisticated method, rendering them fast and more efficient. Syndicated loan participation agreements also offer various advantages to the lending bank as well as to the borrowers. These advantages are in the form of rapid financing of international projects, cost reduction as well as efficiency. In addition, there are three major legal and practical methods of loan transfer in relation to syndicated participation agreements. These methods include assignment, novation and sub-participation. These three major method s present various advantages and disadvantages and occur in various forms. The Assignment involves the transfer of rights or benefits from one party to another. The major transactions involving the assignment are mortgages and deed trusts. ... In this case, the method involves several legal aspects and features as in syndicated loans it is often not possible to obtain approval from all the participants of the contract. The paper will discuss the concepts of syndicated loans agreements and international finance transactions. It will also analyse in depth these loan transfer methods. It will discuss their availability and occurrence as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It will also evaluate their effectiveness and the parties involved in such transactions. International Finance Transactions The integration of the three main financial service areas – that is insurance, security and banking occurred in the 80s due to the liberalization trend of financial supervision and the heating-up competition in finance industry. However, the integration threatens the banking business since the banking industry experiences huge challenges despite owning the main position in financial structure. In addition, there is regula tion of the average rate of interests for commercial banks’ deposits and loans in nearly all the countries. Consequently, there is a reduced margin between banks’ liabilities and assets leading to intense competition among banks. Due to this, the banks can only create more chances for reducing costs, increase profits and upgrade their competence by provision of a bridge hence the securitization trends1. There are many participants in international projects with each participant bringing into the project what other participants are lacking for example technical ability, procurement of supplies, financing ability, human resources, political authority, etc. In addition, due to the complex nature of project

Packaging Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Packaging Design - Essay Example Protection from foreign particles entry; the products are protected from entry of oxygen, dust, bacterial, viruses, water, chemicals and other harmful agents that may destroy or degrade the working parts. Agglomeration: through packaging, small objects are grouped together to form one package. Packaging eases the process of transport, warehousing and distribution. Products like liquids, powders, air and chemicals are easily handled when packaged. There are many types of packaging materials that are commonly used. These materials differ from product to product and are also affected by the mode of transportation, costs, warehousing, customer's demands and many other factors. In the recent past, great concerns have been put forward by the environmentalist regarding the pollution by packaging materials. Most packaging materials are discarded once the product reaches the customer. This has significant effects on the dumping and pollution especially if the packaging material is made of plastic or glass or any other non degradable material. This has resulted to the introduction of recyclable packaging materials, materials reuse and use of biodegradable plastics. Consequently, symbols of quality, recycling symbol, the green dot symbol have all be introduced on the packaging materials. ... Consequently, symbols of quality, recycling symbol, the green dot symbol have all be introduced on the packaging materials. This papers studies packaging materials for lighting applications, their effects to the environments and also studies which of the materials are recyclable and environmentally friendly as well as the current techniques used to improve packaging to prevent dumping and accumulation of these materials in landfills. Types of lighting application There are many types of lighting applications these include; Incandescent bulbs Fluorescent lights Compact fluorescent lights (CFL) Metal halide bulbs Light emitting diodes (LED) Special lights (infra-red lights and X ray lights ) Lighting accessories such as sockets, switches and lamp bases There are various packaging materials for these different lighting. Incandescent bulb The incandescent bulb has several packaging materials. These materials include the glass bulb, that houses the internal parts of the bulb that is, the filament, the metallic base that aids in the connecting the bulb to the electrical supply. The outside packaging of the bulb includes a carton that carries the bulb. The outer carton varies from one manufacturer to another; some types of packaging are illustrated below. Single bulb color box packing that is used to house one bulb Figure 1: Carton for packaging a single bulb and double pack bulb packaging: (source: QML. 2009. Incandescent bulb. http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/200800532/Incandescent_Bulb.html) After packaging the bulb in individual small cartons, the bulbs are then packaged into a large carton for transportation. Large carton where incandescent bulbs are packaged Figure 2: large Carton for packaging